In 1996, city of cials in Cottage Grove, OR, were tasked with renovating and developing added water production capacity at its Row River Water Treatment Plant. City of cials were not only tasked with nding a treatment method capable of meeting drinking water standards, but one that was also able to handle Cottage Grove’s unique capacity requirements where water use frequently triples during the summer months. Additionally, facility operators needed to nd a treatment method that they could trust as 24/7 monitoring of the water supply and treatment were paramount. 

In 2002, Georgia’s City of Flowery Branch faced strict new requirements about discharging water back into the nearby Lake Lanier, which is a drinking water source for the community, compelling the City to nd an alternative wastewater system. At the time, the wastewater plant was using conventional sand lters that were unable to achieve the reduction of phosphorus to meet the new limit of 0.13 mg /L. Not only were the sand lters working improperly, but they were creating barriers to the plant’s ability to reach a higher level of treatment and recovery for discharging into the environment. If unable to meet the new phosphorus limit, the city would have been banned from discharging any additional water into Lake Lanier, resulting in an immediate negative impact on the city. 

Originally constructed in 1917 and then renovated in 1933, the Brandywine Water Treatment Plant in Wilmington, Delaware required a retrofit into the mixed media lter basins in order to meet stringent drinking water standards. Furthermore, the facility needed a robust system as it previously experienced signi cant turbidity occurrences due to heavy rainfall. The raw water from the Brandywine Creek is coagulated with PAX-XL 19, aluminum chlorohydrate and settled in a sedimentation basin after pretreatment before reaching the membranes for ltration. 

The Sultanate of Oman, like other gulf countries in the Middle East, depends on desalination technologies as a major source of supply of potable water to the distribution network. In 2015, a leading developer and operator that is based in Oman and operating Barka 1, awarded Osmo o, an EPC, to build a complete desalination plant with a capacity of 56,500 m3/ day (12.5 MIGD). This plant, called MSF Reject Desalination at Barka 1 Expansion Phase 2, is where Oman was to provide potable water in less than a year so it could add capacity to the Muscat city’s water network that serves more than 2 million residents.